A Brief Introduction to Louvre Museum, Paris (Part--I)

Louvre Museum, Paris

Louvre Museum (Night View)

 Before writing about my short visit to the Louvre Museum, it seems proper to give a brief introduction about this world-famous magnificent museum which would help you in understanding the gradual evolution of this museum from a primitive medieval fortress to a spacious palace and then into a museum with a vast collection of more than one million rare works of art collected from various parts of the world, a very gigantic enterprise in which many kings, nobles, donors, architects, sculptors, archaeologists and other artists of  various countries contributed their best. At this place in 1190 the French king Philip Auguste (1180--1223) built a rampart to defend the small town of Paris from Anglo-Norman forces. The fortress was a quadrilateral building with round bastions at each corner. Even now the tower hall (Salle Basse), a vaulted ceiling on two columns at the center of the hall with supporting walls is seen in the lower ground floor of the Sully Wing. Charles V (1338--1380) extended the fortress by constructing an earthen rampart to cover the neighboring areas on the right bank of the Seine river. Raymon Du Temple, the architect under Charles V transformed this old fortress into a royal residence with a central court, pleasure gardens, sculptures and images on roof tops.

    

Model of Medieval Louvre Fortress in Sully Wing Ground Floor

Salle Basse (Lower Room)

Petite Galerie (small gallery)

Sculptures near the petit galerie

Grand Galerie

Grand Galerie with paintings on walls

 After the death of Charles VI there were no improvements till 1527. Later Francois I demolished the medieval  keep (Gross Tour) ie. a large tower, to provide more space and light. The medieval west wing was demolished and replaced by the Renaissance style of new the buildings in 1546. Henri II (1519--1559) demolished the castle's medieval south wing and built a new wing. He created the Hall of Caryatids (sculptured female figures used as pillars) on the ground floor and built the king's pavilion (Pavilion du Roy) at the junction of the new building and the king's private apartments on the first floor.Their decoration work was completed under Henri IV. In 1564 Henri's widow Catherine De Medicis ordered the building of a new palace just at a short distance to the west. In 1566 Charles X (1757--1836) built the ground floor of the petite gallerie  as a starting point for a long corridor connecting the Louvre to the Tuilleries -- a link between two palaces. Henri IV (1553--1610) built King's Gallery (Galerie du Roi) on the top of the Petit Galerie. He also built the waterside gallery as a link between the royal apartments in the Louvre to the Tuilleries Palace ending with the pavilion de Flore between 1595 and 1610. The main work of the Grand Gallery was completed by Henri IV. But due to Henri IV's assassination on May 14th 1610, the interior decoration work was not completed. His successor Louis XIII (1601--1643) was only a boy of nine years. Work begun by him was completed after fifteen years by Louis XIV. The extension of the west wing of the Cour Carree (Courtyard in the shape of a quadrangle)  under Louis XIII was completed by Louis XIV (1638--1715). With this the construction of the Louvre Palace was over. 

Cour Carree

Lescot Wing

Clock Pavilion or Pavilion Sully

Clock Sculpture at the entrance

Museum of Arts with 35,000 artifacts in eight sections

 But the kings lost interest in the palace as they moved to Tuilleries Palace. In 1624 Louis XIII carried out the grand design planned by Henri IV . He demolished a part of the northern wing of the medieval Louvre palace and replaced it with the continuation of the Lescot Wing. Between the old building and the new building a monumental clock pavilion (Pavilion Sully, a model for the palace's other buildings) was constructed by the architect, Jacques le Mercier in 1639. Between 1655 and 1658 Regent Queen Anne of Austria (Mother of Louis XIV) commissioned six interconnecting rooms on the ground floor of the Petit Galerie. Between 1660 and 1664 the north wing of the Cour Carree was completed and the south wing was extended by the addition of two new pavilions at the eastern end and one in the center. In 1668 the width of the palace was doubled and a new facade was built overlooking the Seine. The last vestiges of the medieval Louvre were demolished.The ravaged parts of the upper story of the Petit Galerie were destroyed in fire in 1661. But they were re-constructed by Louis XIV . As Louis XIV stayed at Versailles Palace, the buildings of the Cour Carree were left unroofed and remained so nearly for one century. 

Salles des Caryatides (sculptured female figures as columns)

Statues in Salles des Carytides

In 1692 Louis XIV created a gallery of ancient sculptures in the Salle des Caryatides . Many academeys like Academie Francois, Academie Rouyal de Peinture et de sculpture, Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Letters funtioned here till 1792. In 1699 the Academie de Peinture et de Sculpture held their first exhibition here. In 1756 the wings begun in Louis XIV's time were partially completed. The north, east and south sides of the Cour Carree (court yard in the shape of a quadrangle) were over. Later a complex of ancillary buildings in Cour Carree was dismantled.

Anne of Austria's Apartments in lower petite galerie

Entrance to Anne of Austria's Summer Apartments

In 1791 the revolutionary Assemblee Nationale declared that the Louvre and Tuilleries Palaces as a national property to house the royal and the historic collections of the arts and sciences and made it a national museum. In 1793 the Museum of Arts (Central de Arts) was opened in the Salon Carree  ( a hall in the shape of a quadrangle) and the Grand Galerie with 537 paintings on display. Later the Museum of Arts spread over to the Anne of Austria's apartments. Further more rooms were opened during the time of Charles X. This museum was re-named as Musee' Napoleon in 1803 after Napoleon brought paintings from Venice and Vatican in 1798. After the fall of the empire in 1815 this museum was disbanded and each nation reclaimed its treasures and artifacts.

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2nd May, 2016                                                   Somaseshu Gutala

              

  

                                

A Short Visit to Versailles Gardens (Part--II)

Grand Trianon

Garden around Grand Trianon

 There are many basquets or  ornamental patterns of  Baroque architecture. We missed viewing these artistically patterned groves which had been modified from time to time by the landscape artists. Andre Notre added or expanded not less than ten basquets during his lifetime. The Grand Trianon was set up as a formal garden with a modest palatial mansion for the king to enjoy his privacy. It is located nearly 1.5 kms to the north-west of the Versailles palace. This was designed and constructed by Jules Hardouin Mansart between 1670 and 1672. After the Revolution Napoleon restored it before he visited this on many occasions with his second wife, Empress Marie-Louiseof Austria. Afterwards in 1963 Charles de Gaulle converted it as a guesthouse for presidents of  France and the northern wing as an official residence of French Presidents.

Pavilion of Petit Trianon

Petit Trianon (Queen's private resort)

Rural scenry at Queen's Petit Trianon

 The Petit Trianon was designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel on the orders of Louis XV who gave it as a gift to his mistress, Madame de Pompadour. This pretty palace was constructed between 1762 and 1768. Later Louis XVI gifted it to his new bride, queen Marie-Antoinette who wished to enjoy the rural scenery of a village with fields and gardens. In 1785 Hamneau designed a stage village for the sake of the queen.

 Louis XIV may be called the chief founder of the palace and the gardens. During the reign of Louis XV the Bassin de Neptune, the largest fountain, was completed. As an avid Botanist he laid out and maintained Les Jardins Botaniques (Botanical garden) in 1750 with the help of Claude Richard (1705-1784), the administrator of gardens. During Louis XVI's rule an attempt was made to re-plant trees in the style of English garden, but it did not work out and seemed inappropriate to the setting of the palace. So they reverted to the French style again. To maintain such a vast garden complex supply of water is the gravest challenge. Mostly water from the Grand Canal was mainly used. In 1685 a canal was designed by Vauban to supply water from the Eure river by constructing a dam, but it was nearly 80 kms away and hence the work had been given up in 1690.

  As we were coming out quite exhausted feeling unable to cover the vast garden, we saw a few people driving hired taxis on the road through the garden. As we had no idea about this facility, we huffed and puffed walking through the garden. Our tour manager did not inform us about this facility to make our trip easy. But we derived a sense of satisfaction as we were able to enjoy, to pause and look at the sculptures, fountains and groves at a leisurely pace. To view such a spacious and beautiful garden one day is not enough. Most of the plants seen today do not belong to the olden times. Since 1992 the gardens have been being re-planted. In 1999 many trees were uprooted by the stormy gales. The French Ministry of Culture has been looking after the proper maintenance of the gardens. In 1979 the Versailles Gardens was recognized as the UNESCO World Heritage site.

 In brief it is not an exaggeration to say that this royal garden is a veritable paradise on earth giving you a thrilling experience and filling your bosom with a sense of wonder and supreme joy.

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 27th April, 2016                                     Somaseshu Gutala

A Short Visit to Versailles Gardens (Part--I)

Versailles Palace

Hall of Mirrors

Royal Chambers

Grand Canal

 It was quite sunny and the weather quite pleasant as we entered the royal Versailles Gardens. As the time given for us was just two hours, we could not see the entire garden complex spreading over a vast area of 1976 acres, an impossible task indeed. Besides this garden is an artistic fusion of marble sculptures, fountains, grottoes, lawns, canals and French horticulture. The garden was developed in graceful patterns, curves and concentric circles. To the the onlooker  the whole gardens seem like chiseled architecture spread on the ground enriched with colors and embossed with marble statues and fountains. Every vase and pedestal is a piece of art and no object appears plain and simple. So it is a paradise of epic description which my prosaic pen may not express in a vivid manner. Hence I shall try to give a partial and  brief description of some parts of the gardens I have seen.

 We just passed by the palace as the royal gardens are located to the west of the palace. Previously at this palace Louis XIII had built a hunting lodge in 1631. The whole area was a dense jungle with a hamlet far away from the city. Louis XIV during his long rule developed this p As soon as we entered the garden we saw Versailles Palace, a splendid and spacious mansion sprawled over a vast area, glittering in white with gilded windows. The palace, the royal residence of French kings from Louis XIV to Louis XVI has 350 rooms and Louis XIV used to hold meetings and parties here attended by 3000 guests. Louis XIV metaphorically  viewed himself as the Sun, symbol of power, light and lordship. So he tried to re-create  the dazzling world of Apollo, the Greek Sun God, in the palace as well as in the surrounding gardens to show off his opulence, grandeur and immense power. After the Revolution Napoleon did not prefer to stay in this palace. In later times Charles De Gaulle converted the northern wing of the  palace into an official Presidential residence. The Treaty of Versailles ending the World War I was signed  here  in the Grand Gallerie (Hall of Mirrors) in June 1919. Some portions of this magnificent palace were converted into a museum depicting the History of France.

   We just passed by the palace as the royal gardens are located to the west of the palace. Previously at this place Louis XIII had built a hunting lodge in 1631. The whole area was a dense jungle with a small hamlet located far away  from the city. Louis XIV during his long rule developed this place by building this palace and laying out this spacious garden on a grand scale. It took almost 40 years to set up this idyllic paradise with the help of the architect, Louis Le Vau, the painter, Charles Le Brun and the landscape artist, Andre Le Notre. The king expanded and beautified the palace between 1661 and 1668.Jean Baptist Colbert, superintendent of the king's buildings looked after this project from 1664 to 1683. In this garden an astounding variety of trees like elms,lindens,chestnut trees, beech trees, and acacia along with flower plants like lillies, roses, jonquils and tulips are seen. Many trees and plants were imported from Turkey, Netherlands and other countries. The orangery was set up by Jules Hardouin Mansart between 1684 and 1686 replacing the smaller one built by Le Vau in 1663. This orangery is spread over three hectares having more than one thousand plants of various types like palm trees, oleanders, orange trees and pomegranate trees.

Orangery at Versailles

Apollo Fountain

Latona Fountain

Dragon Fountain

  Louis XIV shifted his court to this palace in 1682. To project his stature of

sovereignty he set up water fountains embellished with sculptures of Greek mythology and legends, mainly connected with Apollo.There are nearly fifty fountains in this garden. A grand canal was dug between 1668 and 1671 to supply water. The water from the fountains was  re-cycled by pumping the water into the reservoir again after purification. This canal measuring about 1500 meters in length and 62 meters in width is the venue for boating parties.

 We saw the Apollo Fountain (Bassin D'Apollon) which was constructed between 1668 and 1671. Apollo, the Sun God, seated in his chariot driven by seven horses rises from the water to make the world bright with his golden rays. He is attended by Tritons. The leaping horses and the manly figure of Apollo with well-built body evoke the dynamic and powerful image of the Sun God who indirectly represents the sovereignty of Louis XIV.

 The Latona Fountain designed by Andre Le Notre between 1668 and 1670 represents an episode from Ovid's Metamorphosis in which the Goddess Latona with her children , Apollo and Diana were prevented  from drinking water from a pond by the Lycian peasants who went on throwing mud and stones at them. Then Zeus transformed the revolting peasants into frogs. This fountain allegorically refers to an incident about some people revolting against Louis XIV.

 The Neptune Pool was designed by Andre Notre between 1738 and 1741. In 1740 during Louis XV's time, some modifications were made to this pool by inclusion of statues like Proteus, Neptune, Amphitrite which were designed by Jean Baptiste Le Moyne.

 Another worth seeing fountain is the Dragon Fountain. The mighty python snake is killed by an arrow shot by Apollo. The statue of the dragon is surrounded by statues of dolphins and cupids armed with bows and arrows and riding on dolphins and fish.

Neptune Pool

Flora Fountain (Spring)

Ceres Fountain (Summer)

Bacchus Fountain (Autumn)

                   

Saturn Fountain (Winter)

  The Pyramid Fountain designed by Francois Giradon captures our attention with four superimposed bowls supported by tritons, dolphins and fish. There are many other fountains dealing with the themes of seasons and other Greek Gods like the Flora Fountain (representing Spring season), the Ceres Fountain (represents summer), the Bacchus Fountain (represents autumn),  the Saturn Fountain (represents winter) etc which we could not see due to our limited time schedule.

      Note:
                  1) Apollo -- Greek Sun God, God of light and knowledge
                     
                  2)   Diana ---  Greek Moon Goddess -- Goddess of Chastity

                  3)   Latona ---Daughter of Coeus and Phoebe and mistress of Zeus, Lord of all gods.                                                                                                                  Mother of Apollo and Diana.
                  4)    Lycia --a region in Anatolia, southern part of Turkey

                  5)     Bachus -- Roman God of Agriculture and wine.

                  6)    Flora  -- Goddess of Spring and Flowers.

                  7)    Ceres -- Goddess of Agriculture, crops and fertility

                  8)    Saturn -- God who represents Time, Wealth, plenty and liberation. Father of                                                                                                                                                    Zeus.

                  9)    Cupid -- God of Love

                 10)    Tritons -- Sons of Sea-God holding conch shells in their hands.

                 11)    Neptune -- Roman God of Fresh water and sea, also called Poseidon in Greek                                                                                                                                                 mythology.
                 12)    Amphitrite -- Consort of sea-God, Poseidon
       
                 13)     Proteus -- Shepherd of sea-creatures like seals

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   20th April, 2016                                                          Somaseshu Gutala

Two Historic Monuments In Paris

Arc de Triomph

Names of the war heroes on the walls

Names on the sides of  walls inside

Arc de Triomph inside view

carved sculptures on pillars

sculptures

Tomb of the Unknown Soldier

 As we travelled on the main road, we saw a large circular square called Place de Gaulle. In the center there is a big arch called "Arc de Triomphe", an  imposing historic monument commissioned by Napoleon in 1806 to commemmorate the heroic achievements of the French Revoultion and the Napoleonic Wars. In 1810 a wooden model was set up when Napoleon entered France after his victory in Austrian war. During his life he could not complete this project. During Bourbon Revolution this work came to a halt. During the reign of Louis-Phillippe this triumphal arch was built by the architects, Goust and Huyot between 1833 and 1836. The design for this arch was done by Jean Chalgrin based on the Roman arch of Titus. The massive stone-built arch is 164 feet in height and 148 feet width. The names of war heroes and military generals (nearly 660 in number) were inscribed on the inside surface of the walls. The names of the French victories in Napoleonic wars were inscribed on the sides of the supporting columns. The pictures depicting the events of French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars were seen   on the attic and on the facades inside the arches of the monument. Beneath the arc is seen the tomb of the unknown soldier to commemorate the war heroes of the World Wars I. The remains of the unknown soldier were buried under the vault on 10th November, 1920. This is one of the most magnificent triumphal arches with a glorious tribute to military heroes. It remained as the tallest triumphal arch in the world till the Monumento a la Revolution was built in Mexico in 1938.

 It was late in the evening. We passed through busy thoroughfares of Paris viewing huge mansions, shops and monuments. We got down at Novotel Massy Palaiseau, a hotel not far away from the city, where we stayed for two days during our sightseeing in Paris.

Les Invalides (Front View)

Les Invalides Armours Museum

Les Invalides Inside View

 On the second day of our stay in Paris we had a very busy schedule of visiting so many places that sometimes we may have a confusing and hazy picture of what we have seen. Trying to see Paris within such a short span of time is like viewing a huge mountain in a small mirror. But limits defined, we can't but oblige and try  to get the best out of the available time. As usual after having our complimentary breakfast we set out early in the morning on the main road. Our tour manager made a brief halt and showed us a semi-circular building complex with a magnificent dome with a church seen just behind. He said that it was the hospital and shelter for the old and disabled war veterans. Within its premises there is a building complex with later extensions to house many museums. This building complex is called "Les Invalides" commissioned by the French king Louis XIV on 24th November, 1670 with the intention of providing medical help and shelter to four thousand war veterans.The famous architect Liberal Bruant undertook this work and completed it in 1676. To meet the religious and spiritual needs of these people, as ordered by the king, Jules Hardouin Mansart, with the help of Liberal Bruant, constructed St.Louis Chapel (also called Soldiers' Church) in  1679. For his own private purpose Louis XIV commissioned J.H.Mansart to construct a private royal chapel in 1679. This chapel is called "Eglise du Dome" constructed in ornate French Baroque style, taking inspiration from St.Peter's Basilica in Rome.This royal chapel constructed in 1708 attracts our attention by its ribbed and hemi-spherical 351 feet-high dome. This church is called "Dome Church".

Soldiers' ChurchInside View 

Soldier's Church

Dome Church

Inside View

Tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte

Tomb of French Marshal General Turenne

Tomb of French Marshal Ferdinand Foch

 In this vast building complex there are nearly 15 courtyards spreading over a vast area. In 1872 an artillery museum was set up with a rare collection of various weapons and military uniforms. In 1896 a historical museum of army forces was founded. In 1905 both these museums were merged together and called as Museum of Arms or Musee de L'armee. In this museum one can see various kinds of weapons, uniforms,maps and banners of various countries right from early Middle Ages to World War II. The Musee des Plans Reliefs (briefly called Relief Maps Museum) displays detailed models of French fortresses and fortified cities dating back to seventeenth century. The Musee de L'Ordre de la Liberation depicts the liberation of France in the second World War under the able leadership of General Charles de Gaulle.

  This hospital meant for aged and crippled soldiers inspired William III, King of England, to set up a military hospital in Greenwich in 1694. The Dome Church has also become a consecrated place by the fact that due honor was given to the great French military leaders like Sebastian Vaubhan (Marshal of King Louis XIV's army),  Ferdinand Foch (Commander of the Allied Forces during World War I) and Turenne (Marshal General of French army). Napoleon's mortal remains were brought from St.Helena in 1840 to this place and later entombed in the crypt in 1861. The graves of his brothers (Joseph and Jerome) and his son (Napoleon II) are also seen in this royal chapel.

Tomb of Napoleon  II

Tomb of Sebastian Vauban

 Thus Les de Invalides epitomizes the military achievements and the historic glory of French war heroes and military leaders. Napoleon during his regime tried to pay due tribute and homage to war veterans by constructing a memorial to Vaubhan in 1808 and by setting up a bronze tomb for Ferdinand Foch and a decent monument for  Turenne in 1800. But we were not able to see in detail due to our rigid time schedule. We have to content ourselves just by having a fleeting glance at these noble monuments.

  7th April, 2016                                                                            Somaseshu Gutala

A Bird's Eyeview of Paris

Place de la Concorde with obelisk seen in  the front

La Madeiline Church

Hotel de Crillon

 We had a casual bird's eyeview of Paris from our bus as our tour manager mentioned the names of important monuments and buildings we were passing by. We had a brief halt at Place de La Concorde, the largest plaza square (86,400 square meters in area) in Paris where during french revolution King Louis VI, Queen Marie Antoinette and other leading royal figures were beheaded by guilottine. Originally this octagonal spacious place was named after the French king Louis as Place Louis XV in 1772. It was built as a compliment to the equestrian statue of Lois XV which was set up in 1763 to celebrate his recovery from ill-health. Around this square many historic buildings and monuments are seen. Champs de Elysees is seen on the west and Tuilleries garden on the eastern side. To the north of this square two big mansions are seen; the french naval ministry is housed in one mansion and the other one is Hotel de Crillon, once the home of Louis Marie Augustin, the famous patron of French arts. In 1788 the Count of de Crillon acquired this building for his home. During French Revolution this building was confiscated by the Government. But after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793 the building was given back to descendants of  Crillon who stayed there nearly for more than one century.In 1907 Society du Louvre acquired this building and transformed it into a hotel. Between these two buildings lies the famous Rue Royal , a street connecting Place de la Concorde and Place de la Madeleine.

statue of Strausbourg

Rue Royal

  At each of the eight angles of this octagonal palace. a statue representing an important French city was installed : Bordeux, Brest,Lyon,Lille,Nantes,Roven, Marseille,and Strausbourg. During  French Revoultion the statue of Louis XV was removed and a guillotine was erected and the place was re-named as Place de la Revolution. After French Revolution the name was modified as Place de la Concorde to represent reconciliation between revolutionaries and royalists. After the Bourbon Revolution in 1814 the name was changed back as Louis XV Square. In 1826 it was renamed as Louis XVI square. After July revolution the place was again renamed as place de la Concorde. Though Shakespeare philosophized "What is in a name?", in this mundane world, names are multi-dimensional codes carrying so many historical, political and status-linked connotations. A seventy-five foot monumental pillar of yellow granite was erected in the center of this square in 1836. This 23-meter high Egyptian obelisk made of red granite was one of the twin pillars at the entrance to the temple of Luxor. A tribute to the Pharaoh Ramses II was engraved on this 3300-old monolith weighing about 230 tons. This obelisk  often nicknamed as "Cleopatra's Needle" was gifted to the French king Charles X by the Viceroy of Egypt in 1833.  This pillar has replaced the statue of Louis XV in the square and it represents peace and harmony. A gold-leafed pyramid cup was added to the top of this pillar in 1998.

Fontaine des Mers (South Fountain)

Ocean God Flanked by Astronomy and Navigation

             

River Goddesses of North Fountain

Nereides at the base of the fountain

Just beside this obelisk we saw two ornamental fountains with carved figures of angels, Nereides,and mermaids. These fountains were built during the time of Louis Phillipe between 1836 and 1840.  They were designed by Jacques Ignace Hitroff in the architectural style of the Roman fountains, Piaza Navona and Piaza San Pietro. Hitroff's two fountains dealt with the theme of rivers and seas. Both fountains have the same design with a stone pedestal and two tiers of vasques (bowls in the fountains which receive flowing water) crowned with a mushroom-shaped top or apex. The northern fountain is devoted to the theme of rivers like the Rhone and the Rhine along with representative figures of navigation, agriculture and crops of France like wheat, grapes, flowers and fruits.

The southern fountain represents the seas, maritime industry and commerce.  The semi-nude figures supporting the vasque are the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean. other figures beneath the vasque are coral, fish, shells and pearls,representing the maritime enterprise. These figures are seated on the prow ( front part of a ship)  (symbol of Paris) surrounded by dolphins spraying water. Above the vasque supporting the mushroom-shaped cap are figures representing the spirits of maritime navigation, Astronomy and Commerce. Next to them are swans spouting water into the basins below. In the basin Tritons (sea-gods holding a twisted conchs in hand) and Nereids (sea-nymphs) hold fish which spout water towards the rim of the vasque. In both these fountains six seated allegorical figures with their feet on the prows of the ships are seen supporting the pedestal of the circular base.

  Paris may be called the city of artistically molded water fountains which emphasize the importance of water as the source of life and which satisfied the  needs of the city people. Besides these structures symbolically represent and glorify the dominant and vital role played by rivers and seas and also the main professions of the people. The large figures of the fountains were made of cast iron and painted in dark green with golden borders.The small figures of Tritons and Nereids were made of bronze and painted with a bronze shade. These fountains in the city square add more charm and enhance the splendor of this historic city.

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 2nd April, 2016                                                          Somaseshu Gutala